Lab Report Tansport Across Membrane - 1672 Words

Biology Experiment 2 : Transport Across Membrane Name : Umi Adiba Anis Binti Che Hamid Matrix Number : CPM0147_2013B Batch : Pre-Med May Intake 2013 Group : E Date : 19.06.2013 Lecturer’s Name : Miss Nurul Izziani Objectives : I. To study the effects of hypotonic, hypertonic, and isotonic solutions on plant and animal cells. Experiment 1 : Introduction : The purpose of doing this experiment is to investigate the effects of hypotonic, hypertonic, and isotonic solutions on plant cell. Particularly in this experiment we use onion cells. Tissue from an onion is a good first exercise in using the microscope and viewing plant cells. The cells are easily visible under a microscope and the preparation of a thin section is†¦show more content†¦Material and methods : Materials | Apparatus | Potato Table salt/NaClâ‚‚Distilled water | Small knife Benchtop digital balance4 Vials Beakers (250 ml amp; 500 ml )Magnetic stirrer/stirring rodSpatula | I. Slice your potato into sticks that 4 – 6 cm long and 1 cm diameter. Record their initial weight (g) in 2 decimal places, e.g: 3.15 g. II. Prepare 4 vials with different salt solutions: 10% (w/v) NaCl, 3.5% (w/v) NaCl, 0.88% (w/v) NaCl, and distilled water. III. Put one potato stick into each solution. Record the weight of the potato sticks again after 20 min. Calculate the change in weight: final wt. – initial wt. IV. Calculate the percentage of water gain or loss as follow: V. % weight change = Final Wt – Initial Wt Ãâ€" 100 Initial Wt Results : Salt concentration | Initial weight of potato stick (g) | Final weight of potato stick (g) | Change in weight (g) | Change in weight (%) | Rank relative Water loss or gain | 10% NaCl | 0.88 | 0.76 | -0.12 | 13.6 | Loss | 3.5% NaCl | 0.88 | 0.83 | -0.05 | 5.68 | Loss | 0.88% NaCl | 0.88 | 0.88 | +0.00 | 0.00 | No change | Distilled Water | 0.88 | 0.97 | +0.09 | 10.2 | Gain | The data table for long stick potato Salt concentration | Initial

Sickle Cell Anemia Free Essays

Sickle Cell Anemia Sickle cell anemia is an inherited blood disease. The word anemia is defined as meaning that the blood does not have the required number of red blood cells. These cells take on a crescent shape, which is where the disease takes its name from the abnormal sickle shapes of the cells. We will write a custom essay sample on Sickle Cell Anemia or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is commonly found in people from Africa, the Mediterranean region, southern India and the Middle East. â€Å"This disease of the blood was first discovered in 1910 in a black college student from the West Indies. Later research showed that a child of parents with sickle cell anemia would have these cells in their blood, even though the parents were quite healthy. This led to the discovery that this condition is inherited and that the parents carried the recessive gene that caused it to occur in the children. †(Dr. Panadula Siirribaddana) About 8% of African Americans have sickle cell trait; that is, they are heterozygotes, usually symptomless carriers who have inherited a normal hemoglobin gene from one parent and hemoglobin-S from the other. There are also intermediate forms of the disease that result when a gene for hemoglobin-S is inherited from one parent and a gene for any of several other abnormal kinds of hemoglobin is inherited from the other. Genetic screening is recommended for prospective parents at risk of passing on the disease. If both parents are carriers (i. e. , have sickle cell trait), then each child has a one in four chance of having sickle cell disease. http://www. answers. com/topic/sickle-cell-anaemia#ixzz1JYAmKXLc There are three common types of sickle cell disease in the United States. These include Hemoglobin SS (or sickle cell anemia), Hemoglobin SC, and Hemoglobin sickle beta-thalassemia. Each of these types of sickle cell disease can cause pain episodes and complications, but some are more common than others. Pain episodes are the most common complication of sickle cell disease. â€Å"The pain is related to a localized blockage of blood vessels, and can occur anywhere in the body. Pain episodes are often preceded by infection, dehydration, or certain chemical imbalances in body fluids. Pain usually has a gradual onset, but grows to a gnawing and sometimes excruciating pain. It can last from hours to many days and may wax and wane over this time. †(Harvard University) When children are young, the existence of this disease occurs in a series of crises. Sudden and severe pain in the limbs or stomach, back or chest may develop, which may or may not be accompanied by a fever. After the crisis has passed, the child appears well again until the next occurrence. After a child matures into adolescence and beyond, the incidences become fewer. Many teenagers have co symptoms whatsoever except for anemia, which leaves them without the energy to take part in many activities. In adults, it can lead to chronic disability. Sickle cell anemia can lead to a host of complications, including: Stroke, Acute chest syndrome (caused by sickle cells blocking blood vessels in your lungs, pulmonary hypertension (High blood pressure in the lungs that can be fatal), Organ Damage, Blindness, Skin Ulcers (Open sores on your legs), Gallstones, and Priapism (painful long-lasting erections). There are no specific treatments for sickle cell anemia. Once it has been identified that these red blood cells exist and an attack occurs; patients are treated with oxygen, intravenous fluids and pain medication to relieve the discomfort. Sometimes, they may receive blood transfusions and antibiotics if there is an infection present. Blood transfusions give people more of the healthy red blood cells, which makes them feel better. People with sickle cell disease may receive blood transfusions to relieve pain or symptoms of the disease. They may also receive blood transfusions to prevent strokes, problems with their lungs, before certain surgeries, and to prevent complications with pregnancy. â€Å"Although transfusions can help improve the health of people with sickle cell disease, they add extra iron to the body that can build up over time. If you have sickle cell disease and have had 10 or more transfusions during your lifetime, then you are at risk for iron overload. †(Dr. William C. Shiel) Children with sickle cell anemia may begin taking the antibiotic penicillin when they’re about 2 months of age and continue taking it until they’re 5 years old. Doing so helps prevent infections, such as pneumonia, which can be life-threatening to an infant or child with sickle cell anemia. Antibiotics may also help adults with sickle cell anemia fight certain infections. Pain-relieving medications may be advised, like, over-the-counter pain relievers and application of heat to the affected area. Stronger prescription pain medication is needed for severe cases. When taken daily, Hydroxyurea reduces the frequency of painful crises and may reduce the need for blood transfusions. It may be an option or adults with severe disease. † Hydroxyurea seems to work by stimulating production of fetal hemoglobin — a type of hemoglobin found in newborns that helps prevent the formation of sickle cells. Hydroxyurea increases your risk of infections, and there is some concern that long-term use of this drug may cause tumors or leukemia in certain people. †(American Sickle Cell Anemia Association) A stem cell transplant, also called a bone marrow transplant, involves replacing bone marrow affected by sickle cell anemia with healthy bone marrow from a donor. A stem cell transplant is recommended only for people who have significant symptoms and problems from sickle cell anemia. â€Å"If a donor is found, the diseased bone marrow in the person with sickle cell anemia is first depleted with radiation or chemotherapy. Healthy stem cells from the donor are filtered from the blood. The healthy stem cells are injected intravenously into the bloodstream of the person with sickle cell anemia, where they migrate to the bone marrow cavities and begin generating new blood cells. † The procedure requires a lengthy hospital stay. After the transplant, drugs are given to help prevent rejection of the donated stem cells. A stem cell transplant carries risks. There’s a chance that your body may reject the transplant, leading to life-threatening complications. In addition, not everyone is a candidate for transplantation or can find a suitable donor. (Medline Plus) Scientists are studying new treatments for sickle cell anemia, because sickle cell anemia is caused by a defective gene, researchers are exploring whether inserting a normal gene into the bone marrow of people with sickle cell anemia will result in the production of normal hemoglobin. Scientists are also exploring the possibility of turning off the defective gene while reactivating another gene responsible for the production of fetal hemoglobin — a type of hemoglobin found in newborns that prevents sickle cells from forming. † â€Å"People with sickle cell anemia have low levels of nitric oxide in their blood. Nitric oxide is a gas that helps keep blood vessels open and reduces the stickiness of red blood cells. Treatment with nitric oxide may prevent sickle cells from clumping together. (Genetics Home Reference) Until recently, people with sickle cell disease were not expected to survive childhood. But today, due to preventive drug treatment, improved medical care and aggressive research, half of sickle cell patients live beyond 50 years. Works Cited Page â€Å"MedlinePlus – Health Information from the National Library of Medicine. † National Library of Medicine – National Institutes of Health. 3 Mar. 2011. Web. 15 Apr. 2011. ;http://www. nlm. nih. gov/medlineplus/;. â€Å"Sickle Disease. † Genetics Home Reference – Your Guide to Understanding Genetic Conditions. Apr. 2007. Web. 15 Apr. 2011. ;http://ghr. nlm. nih. gov/;. â€Å"The Mutation in Hemoglobin. † Information Center for Sickle Cell and Thalassemic Disorders. Havard University, 11 Apr. 2002. Web. 15 Apr. 2011 . ;http://sickle. bwh. harvard. edu/scd_background. html;. ASCAA, American Sickle Cell Anemia Association. Web. 14 Apr. 2011. ;http://www. ascaa. org/;. Shiel Jr. , William C. â€Å"Sickle Cell Disease. † 2008. Web. 15 Apr. 2011. ;http://www. medicinenet. com/;. Simbaddana, Dr. Pandula. â€Å"Understanding Sickle Cell Anemia. † 17 Sept. 2010. Web. 14 Apr. 2011. How to cite Sickle Cell Anemia, Essay examples Sickle Cell Anemia Free Essays Sickle Cell Anemia occurs in about 1 out of 500 African American births, and 1 out of 36,000 Hispanic births. It is a lifelong disease, and sometime can be deadly. According to Dr. We will write a custom essay sample on Sickle Cell Anemia or any similar topic only for you Order Now Whittaker, in our region there are abnormally higher cases of Sickle Cell Anemia, so I found it important to learn more about the disease, what cause it, what are the symptoms as well as the options of treatments for this disease. According to www. invista. com, it is believed that sickle cell disease occurs more often in people from parts of the world where â€Å"malaria† is or was common. Also the coincident of people who carry the sickle cell trait are less likely to catch malaria make a lot of us wonder of these two diseases are associated. â€Å"In the 1940s, E. A. Beet, a British medical officer stationed in Northern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe), observed that blood from malaria patients who had sickle cell trait had fewer malarial parasites than blood from patients without the trait. † ( innvista) There are researchers have came up with several links between the two diseases. Malaria† is caused by a type of parasite that completes its life cycle in human’s red blood cell. This parasite enters the bloodstream with the aid of a female (Anopheles) mosquito. With individual who has Sickle Cell Anemia, the red blood cell break down when infected with this parasite disallow the development of the â€Å"malaria† parasite. There are others explanation such as: Hb S in Sickle Cell individual leads to the polymerization of hemoglobin and this prevent the parasite from ingest the hemoglobin which it needs for its life cycle, therefore the parasite get destroyed. Also the parasites of â€Å"Malaria† need oxygen for their development however a patient with Sickle Cell Anemia can’t provide them just that, therefore they cannot continue their life cycle. There are still questions regarding the relationship between Sickle Cell Anemia and â€Å"malaria†, but the explanations offered are quite interested. Sickle Cell Anemia is an inherit disease. An individual who has two copies of the trait will inherit Sickle Cell Anemia from the parents. Those people who only have one copy of this trait will become a carrier for Sickle Cell Anemia, and if their husband or wife also a carrier, the disease will keep passing on. â€Å"In Sickle Cell Anemia, the havoc caused by the abnormal hemoglobin s (HbS), results from a change in just one of the 146 amino acids in a beta chain of the globin molecule†( Marieb 642). It is amazing how one tiny change in our body can has such dramatic effect, but on the other hand they all possible; human’s body is extremely complex. The disease has to do with the protein hemoglobin found in human red blood cell. A normal person’s red blood cell has a round, doughnut shape without the whole in the middle; however a sickled red blood cell will take on a crested moon shape, and these sickled cells are fragile and prone to rupture. The normal life span of a healthy red blood cell is about 120 days before spleen takes out the bad ones and the bone marrow replace them. The sickle cells will go bad in only about 10 to 20 days. Imagine the spleen has to work extra hard to get rid of these bad blood cells, and with patients of sickle cell anemia about all of their hemoglobins are bad, therefore spleen has to take out all of them; that’s why these patients have to get their blood transfuse regularly. These sickled cells after got produced by red bone marrow can go back and forth between being normally shaped and sickle shaped until they eventually become sickle shaped permanently. And Instead of moving through the bloodstream easily like normal red blood cells, these sickle cells are very sticky and so they can clog blood vessels. These events interfere with oxygen delivery, leaving the victims gasping for air and extreme pain. Bone and chest pain are particularly severe, and infection and stroke are common sequels. † ( Marieb 642). Sickle cell anemia produces a chronic anemia which may become life- threatening when hemolytic crises, which is the breakdown of red blood cells, which is when bone m arrow fails to produce blood cells. These crises occur under condition of low oxygen, such as during intense exercises, masses of hemoglobin molecules in each red blood cell cut out its normal disk shape. For some individual the â€Å"crises† can last hours, days or even weeks; some has â€Å"crises† once a year, for others they occur way more often. There are several symptoms that can be diagnosed as soon as infant is four months old. â€Å"The clinical course of sickle cell anemia does not follow a single pattern; some patients have mild symptoms, and some have very severe symptoms. The basic problem, however, is the same: the sickle-shaped red blood cells tend to get stuck in narrow blood vessels, blocking the flow of blood† (Bownas, Jennifer). And they are: the period of pain (mentioned above), hand-foot syndrome ( babies with swollen hands and feet), jaundice (yellowish color found on the baby’s skin or/and in the white parts of their eyes), frequent infections, Delayed growth and puberty in children and often a slight build in adults. The slow rate of growth is caused by a shortage of red blood cells. There is also vision problem, because of the eyes not getting enough nourishment from circulating red blood cells, these types of damages can be serious enough to cause blindness if not discover on time. Sickle Cells Anemia is a disease with many complications, and all of them are dangerous for patient’s health. One of which is referred to as ERD (exercise-related death). This scenario happens when a patient with Sickle Cells Anemia attend into a lot of physical practice. â€Å"The possibility that previously healthy young people with sickle cell trait might suffer increased mortality from exercise was first suggested by observations of enlisted recruits in US Armed Forces basic training. A military trainee with Hb AS suffered exercise related hypernatremia during physical training in the field. He only survived a critical illness that included acute renal failure because of dialysis† (Kark, John). And also during that single summer, there were already four deaths among recruiting at this area, all of them were black and had Sickle Cells Anemia. So John Kark, whom is the author of this article, was very positive about the significant risk associate between Sickle Cells and ERD. And I think this is reasonable, because the nature of Sickle Cell Anemia is to decrease dramatically the amount of red blood cell circulating in the human’s body, which will cause the lack of oxygen in multiple organs and muscles in the body. And when an individual with Sickle Cell try so hard on these physical activities and keep pushing themselves forward, it’s hard to avoid damage to the body, which is very unfortunate. Another big complication with Sickle Cell Anemia is infections. Patients of this disease are extremely prone to infection due to their abnormal red blood cells. Recently the screening tests for Sickle Cell Anemia were required for newborns. Before this happen, 35% of infant with Sickle Cell died from infection. The most common bacteria that usually attack these infants are treptococcus pneumonia and Haemophilus influenza which can cause pneumonia, blood infections, or meningitis). A death can occur to these infants only a few hours after the fever. Acute Chest Syndrome is also yet another dangerous complication of Sickle Cell Disease. It is the leading cause of illness among the Sickle Cell Anemia patients. â€Å"Pulmonary disease, manifested as the acute chest syndrome (ACS) is a common complication of sickle cell anemia. It is the second most common cause of hospitalization in persons with sickle cell anemia and accounts for 25% of premature deaths. † (Gladwin, Mark) ACS occurs when the lung tissues are starved for oxygen during a crisis. ACS can be caused from infection that lead us back to Sickle Cell Anemia, to blockage of blood vessels which also remind us of Sickle Cell disease, because of the sickle red blood cells with their crested moon shape, as mentioned earlier, instead of moving smoothly along the blood stream, these sickle cells are very sticky and tend to block the blood vessels. There are a few symptoms that can be recognized such as: high fever, rapid breathing, wheezing or cough, and finally acute chest pain. As of today, the only potential cure of Sickle Cell Anemia is bone marrow transplant. However according to the mayo clinic’s website, it is extremely difficult to find a matching donor and also, the procedure is very risky and can be life threatening. So for treating Sickle Cell Anemia, there are more aims to reduce the pain of the â€Å"crises†. As a result, treatment for sickle cell anemia is usually aimed at avoiding crises, relieving symptoms and preventing complications† (Mayo Clinic Staff). Sickle Cell Anemia victims always have to take antibiotics because of their sensitivity, they are prone for infection. Blood transfusion is an option, with this procedure the patient will get supplied with healthy red blood cells from donors, but this can also be risky, because the new red blood cells also carry with them irons, this can c ause excessive iron build up in patients’ body; so people who get blood transfusion also need others treatments to reduce iron level. A prescription drug called Hydroxyurea is usually used to treat cancer can be use in the severe case of Sickle Cell Anemia for adults; it reduces the frequency of painful crises and may reduce the need for blood transfusions. When one experience â€Å"crises†, it can be helpful to have supplemental oxygen, which provides extra oxygen and help breathing easier. Doctors and scientists still in the lab to experiment some more possible cure for Sickle Cell Anemia patients, hopefully they will be successful in finding a complete ure. Sickle Cell Anemia is a serious lifelong disease. It is hard to live with it, and it is just as hard to live with a loved one that has Sickle Cell Anemia. The â€Å"Health Education Research† of Oxford Journal has done a study on mothers who have children with Sickle Cells in Western Nigeria :â€Å" Financial stress and disease factors were met with confrontation, while family sources of stress were either complained about, accepted or avoided. (Olley, Lydia) Oxford Journal also mentioned that less educated family members (especially the mothers) get in more stress than others â€Å"Higherlevels of stress were associated with less educated and older women† (Olley, Lydia). Hopefully in the near future, there will be more education, counseling about Sickle Cell Anemia to everyone, so we can take care of the patients better, and bring better attitude and hope toward them, because I believe they need that the most especially from a family member. How to cite Sickle Cell Anemia, Papers Sickle Cell Anemia Free Essays Sickle cell anemia is a blood disorder that affects the 11th chromosome which is a hemoglobin gene. Hemoglobin is a protein located in red blood cells (RBCs) that carries oxygen through the body. This disorder is inherited from two parents with abnormal genes that are heterozygous (Rr). We will write a custom essay sample on Sickle Cell Anemia or any similar topic only for you Order Now This means that both parents who have the trait may pass on the disorder to their offspring. The phenotype makeup is recessive. Those who inherit a normal copy of the chromosome 11 and a mutated chromosome will carry the trait, though would not show any symptoms. Normal red blood cells are soft and flexible to fit thought small vessels. Sickle cell anemia causes these blood cells to stiffen and curve, almost like a crescent moon. The abnormal cells (erythrocytes) become stuck and block a narrow vessel which disables oxygen to pass through and causes pain and damage to organs. Many organs such as the liver and spleen become damaged due to lack of oxygen. When the spleen becomes damaged, patience will experience many infections. Pain is also caused by the sickle blood cells becoming caught in vessels called crises. Jaundice (yellowness to eyes and skin) can occur in babies due to liver damage. Sickle cell anemia can be diagnosed by a simple blood test, mostly to newborns. The blood test given to those who weren’t tested at birth is called the hemoglobin electrophoresis. It determines if you have the disease or is a carrier of the trait. It can be treated by blood transfusions from a donor with healthy blood cells, or a bone marrow transplant. Some interesting facts are that: normal blood cells can live up to 120 days, but sickle blood cells live up to 10 to 20 days. When the red blood cells are damaged, the body kills the red blood cells off which causes chronic anemia. African Americans are mostly affected with this disease due to inter-marriage. in 12 African Americans have the trait and 1 in 500 actually have the disease. Also, Sickle cell anemia can be traced back to the Mediterranean and Middle East area. The humid, wet climate attracts mosquitos and the mosquitos transport malaria. Surprisingly, those with Sickle cell anemia are immune to malaria. The last interesting fact is that my mother is actually a carrier of the Sickle cell trait. My older sister and I weren’t affected of the trait because our father didn’t carry any defected chromosome. Unfortunately, my little sister, Joy, is also a carrier of the trait even though her father isn’t affected. How to cite Sickle Cell Anemia, Papers

The Relation Between Medical Education and the Medical Profession

Question: What tensions do you think might experience arising from the differing worldview of administrators,healthcare providers, and patients? Answer: Worldview may be defined as the underlying set of beliefs and assumptions which determine the cultural interpretation and explanation of a particular experience. It is expected that the increasing diversity of stakeholders in the healthcare sector would lead to frequent tensions amongst the healthcare providers and seekers leading to adverse health outcomes. Consider a set of native population with high incidence of a particular disease that carry the worldview that all sickness has supernatural origin and requires divine intervention for treatment. As a result, such community may approach a healthcare practitioner only as a last resort and thus may result in delayed diagnosis and lack of adherence to medical intervention suggested by the practitioner, which leads to tension amongst the providers and seekers (Burger, 2001). Further there are groups of population who may believe in alternative medicinal therapies but the healthcare practitioner believes and practices only practices ap proved in medical science which would result in healthcare intervention not being successful. Additionally the administrators when planning health intervention should keep the cultural factors in mind as the healthcare system adopted by the White Australians is not acceptable to native and migrant groups who have different value and belief system. It is imperative that the administrators and healthcare professionals must take into consideration the worldview held by their patients and offer customised intervention which do not reject their worldview but actually respects it. It is only through building bonds based on mutual trust and respect that the benefits of healthcare could be reaped by all sections especially the marginalised and vulnerable population (Tilburt Geller, 2007). Reference Burger W. (2001). The relation between medical education and the medical professions world view.Med Health Care Philos.4(1):7984 Tilburt J and Geller G (2007). Viewpoint: the importance of worldviews for medical education.Acad Med. 82(8):819822.